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Gunpowder Empires
The Gunpowder Empires is a term used to describe the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires. Each of these three empires had considerable military success using the newly developed firearms, especially cannon and small arms, in the course of their empires.
==The Hodgson-McNeill concept==
The phrase was coined by Marshall G.S. Hodgson and his colleague William H. McNeill at the University of Chicago. Hodgson used the phrase in the title of Book 5 ("The Second Flowering: The Empires of Gunpowder Times") of his highly influential three-volume work, ''The Venture of Islam'' (1974).〔Marshall G. S. Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974) ("Hodgson").〕 Hodgson saw gunpowder weapons as the key to the "military patronage states of the Later Middle Period" which replaced the unstable, geographically limited confederations of Turkic clans that prevailed in post-Mongol times. Hodgson defined a "military patronage state" as one having three characteristics:
first, a legitimization of independent dynastic law; second, the conception of the whole state as a single military force; third, the attempt to explain all economic and high cultural resources as appanages of the chief military families.〔Hodgson, 2:405-06.〕
Such states grew "out of Mongol notions of greatness," but "()uch notions could fully mature and create stable bureaucratic empires only after gunpowder weapons and their specialized technology attained a primary place in military life."〔Hodgson, 3:16.〕
McNeill argued that whenever such states “were able to monopolize the new artillery, central authorities were able to unite larger territories into new, or newly consolidated, empires.” 〔William H. McNeill, “The Age of Gunpowder Empires, 1450-1800” in ''Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order'' edited by Michael Adas (pp. 103-139) (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993) (“McNeill”), p. 103.〕 Monopolization was key. Although Europe pioneered the development of the new artillery in the fifteenth century, no state monopolized it. Gun-casting know-how had been concentrated in the Low Countries near the mouths of the Scheldt and Rhine rivers. France and the Habsburgs divided those territories among themselves resulting in an arms standoff.〔McNeill, pp. 110-11.〕 By contrast, such monopolies allowed states to create militarized empires in the Near East, Russia and India, and “in a considerably modified fashion” in China and Japan.〔McNeill, p. 103.〕
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